The Curious Case of Attalus III: The King Who Gave Away His Kingdom

Imagine a king who, instead of clinging to power, decided to gift his entire kingdom to a foreign republic! This is the fascinating story of Attalus III, the last ruler of the Attalid dynasty in Pergamon, an ancient Greek city located in what is now modern-day Turkey. Attalus III, who reigned from 138 BC to 133 BC, was a unique figure in history due to his decision to bequeath his kingdom to the Roman Republic upon his death. This decision was made in 133 BC, a time when the Roman Republic was expanding its influence across the Mediterranean. But why would a king choose to hand over his realm to another power?

Attalus III, also known as Attalus Philometor Euergetes, was the son of Eumenes II and succeeded his uncle, Attalus II. Unlike his predecessors, Attalus III was not particularly interested in the affairs of state. Instead, he was more inclined towards scientific pursuits, particularly botany and medicine. His reign was marked by a lack of interest in governance, which might explain his unprecedented decision to leave his kingdom to Rome. By doing so, he ensured a peaceful transition of power and avoided potential conflicts or civil wars that could have arisen from a contested succession.

The decision to bequeath Pergamon to Rome was significant for several reasons. Firstly, it marked the end of the Attalid dynasty, which had ruled Pergamon for over a century. Secondly, it expanded Roman influence in Asia Minor, further solidifying their power in the region. The Romans, eager to expand their territories, accepted the bequest and transformed Pergamon into the Roman province of Asia. This move not only increased Rome's wealth and resources but also set a precedent for other Hellenistic kingdoms considering alliances or integration with Rome.

Attalus III's decision is a testament to the complex political landscape of the time and highlights the strategic considerations of smaller kingdoms in the face of Roman expansion. His choice to prioritize peace and stability over personal power is a fascinating example of leadership that continues to intrigue historians and scholars today.